Tag Archive for: reasonable adjustments

Filing a Form D11 can look deceptively simple: complete the form, attach your evidence and send it to the court. In practice, that is exactly where things can start to go wrong. A D11 may be emailed but not properly issued, the fee may not have been dealt with, the evidence may not be linked to the application, service may be unclear, or the judge may arrive at the hearing without the application in the papers at all. For a litigant in person, that can be frightening and incredibly frustrating. The answer is not to send more documents blindly. It is to understand the procedural chain, keep a clear audit trail and make sure the court can identify exactly what you filed, what order you are asking for and why.

One of the most dangerous assumptions a litigant in person can make is this:

“I emailed it to the court, so it has been filed.”

Sometimes it has. Sometimes it has not.

More importantly, sending an email, the court receiving an email, an application being accepted, the fee being processed, the application being issued, the other party being served, the application being listed and the application actually appearing in the papers before the judge are not the same procedural event.

That distinction can become painfully important at a hearing.

A litigant may have spent hours preparing a Form D11, witness statement, exhibits and draft order, only to discover that the judge appears to be dealing with a different application, does not have the supporting evidence, or cannot see the D11 on the papers at all.

That does not automatically mean the court has “lost” the application. Nor does it automatically mean that anybody has acted improperly.

It means the procedural history has to be reconstructed carefully.

1. What is Form D11?

Form D11 is an application notice used for general applications in certain existing family proceedings.

Under Practice Direction 5A, D11 is generally the prescribed Part 18 application form where an application is made in the course of or in connection with proceedings under Parts 7, 8 or 9 of the Family Procedure Rules.

That includes many applications arising within financial remedy proceedings.

But D11 is not a universal Family Court application form.

For example, many applications made in Children Act proceedings under Part 12 use Form C2. Applications made during family appeal proceedings may require a different application form depending upon the court and procedural route. Particular specialist applications can also have their own prescribed forms.

The current GOV.UK D11 page describes it as a general application notice for use within divorce, dissolution or separation proceedings. HMCTS currently directs applicants to send the completed D11 and supporting documents to their local financial remedy court.

Always download the current form from GOV.UK rather than relying on an old copy saved to your computer.

2. A D11 is not simply “a letter to the judge”

Litigants in person are often dealing with years of history.

There may have been disputed disclosure, missing pensions, property problems, correspondence between solicitors, old undertakings, hearing transcripts, allegations of non-compliance, court administration problems and financial hardship.

Understandably, there is a temptation to use Question 3 of the D11 to tell the judge everything.

Usually, that makes the application harder to determine.

The court needs to be able to identify quickly:

Those questions are different from:

“What has gone wrong in my case?”

A strong D11 is organised around the remedy sought, not around the total volume of grievance.

3. What must an application notice contain?

Family Procedure Rule 18.7 is short but important.

It requires an application notice to state:

• what order the applicant is seeking; and
• briefly why the applicant is seeking that order.

Rule 18.7 also requires a draft of the order sought to be attached to the application notice.

This is one of the most useful disciplines in application drafting.

If you cannot express the order you want in clear numbered paragraphs, there is a good chance that the application itself has not yet been sufficiently defined.

4. Before filing: is this really a D11 issue?

This matters particularly in financial remedy litigation because several very different procedural problems can feel like the same problem to the person living through them.

You may actually be dealing with:

• implementation of an existing order;
• enforcement of an existing obligation;
• a request for focused disclosure;
• a request for case-management directions;
• a statutory variation application;
• an application to set aside a financial remedy order;
• an appeal alleging an error by the court;
• correction of an accidental slip or omission;
• participation directions or another procedural adjustment;
• a complaint about court administration; or
• more than one of those matters running alongside each other.

They are not interchangeable.

Filing a D11 containing every complaint at once does not necessarily turn those different problems into one valid application.

5. Set aside or appeal? A critical distinction

This distinction causes particular difficulty after a final financial remedy order.

FPR 9.9A provides a procedure for applying to set aside a financial remedy order where no error by the court is alleged.

Practice Direction 9A confirms that the Part 18 procedure applies to such applications.

Recognised grounds can include:

• fraud;
• material non-disclosure;
• certain limited types of mistake; and
• a subsequent event which was unforeseen and unforeseeable at the time and which invalidates the basis upon which the original order was made.

But if the argument is that the judge made an error, Practice Direction 9A states that an application for permission to appeal under Part 30 should be considered instead.

Practice Direction 9A also makes clear that, on a set-aside application, the starting point is that the original financial remedy order was properly made.

A bare assertion that somebody “hid assets” or “failed to disclose” is not enough.

A properly evidenced application should identify:

• the particular asset, income, liability, pension, document or material fact;
• what was disclosed at the time;
• what should have been disclosed;
• the evidence showing the discrepancy;
• when and how the applicant discovered it;
• why it was material to the original outcome; and
• what order should now be made.

6. Do not try to enforce something that is not actually in the order

Another recurring difficulty is the difference between what was discussed during a hearing and what the final sealed order actually requires.

There may have been discussion about:

• repairing a property;
• obtaining valuations;
• paying particular expenses;
• selling a home;
• implementing pension sharing orders;
• producing financial disclosure; or
• taking some other practical step.

A transcript may show that the issue was discussed.

But before asking the court to enforce an obligation, go back to the sealed operative order.

Ask:

• What precisely does the order say?
• Who is required to do something?
• What are they required to do?
• By what date?
• Is the provision an operative order, an undertaking or a recital?
• Was it merely something discussed during submissions?
• Has the obligation actually been breached?

A transcript can be important evidence. But a discussion in court is not automatically an enforceable term of the eventual order.

Start with the sealed order. Then use the transcript to understand it—not the other way round.

7. Completing the D11: case number and court

Use the exact case number for the proceedings in which the application is being made.

Do not assume there is only one relevant reference.

A family can have:

• a divorce case number;
• a financial remedy reference;
• a domestic abuse case number;
• a Children Act reference;
• an appeal reference; and
• historic proceedings in another court.

Using the wrong case number can cause documents to be associated with the wrong proceedings or make it significantly harder for court staff to identify what you are trying to file.

Check the most recent sealed order and use the title and case number exactly as they appear there unless the court has directed otherwise.

8. Keep Applicant and Respondent roles consistent

This sounds simple. In long-running proceedings, it is not always simple at all.

If you were the Respondent in the underlying financial remedy proceedings, you do not automatically become “the Applicant” in the case title merely because you are personally filing a D11.

The current D11 asks for your role in the main proceedings.

Preserve the underlying case title consistently.

9. Question 3: what order are you asking the court to make?

This is the heart of the D11.

Avoid wording such as:

That communicates distress, but it does not tell the court what order it is being asked to make.

Instead, formulate numbered relief.

The reasons for those orders can then be stated briefly, with the detailed evidence contained in the supporting statement.

10. Attach a draft order

FPR 18.7 requires a draft of the order sought to be attached to the application notice.

Do not overlook it.

A draft order is not just something lawyers prepare because courts like formal documents.

It tests whether the application actually makes sense.

Use numbered paragraphs. Be precise about dates and obligations. Avoid vague expressions such as “full disclosure immediately” where the documents required can instead be identified specifically.

11. Hearing, paper determination and without-notice applications are different concepts

This is a common source of confusion.

An application may potentially be determined without an oral hearing while still being an on-notice application because the other party has been notified and has had an opportunity to respond.

Conversely, “without notice” refers to whether the other party has been notified of the application—not simply whether the judge will decide it on paper.

Practice Direction 18A provides that an application may proceed without service only in defined circumstances, including:

• exceptional urgency;
• where the overriding objective is best furthered by doing so;
• consent of all parties;
• permission of the court; or
• where a rule, Practice Direction or court order permits it.

“I do not want the other party to see the application” is not, without more, a legal basis for proceeding without notice.

If urgency is relied upon, explain:

• what is about to happen;
• when it will happen;
• what harm or prejudice will occur if the court waits;
• why ordinary notice cannot reasonably be given; and
• what limited order is required in the meantime.

12. Your supporting statement should do the evidential work

For a factually complicated application, a properly structured supporting witness statement and evidence structure is usually far clearer than trying to place the whole case history inside the D11 itself.

A useful structure is:

Do not treat every document you possess as being of equal evidential weight.

There is an important difference between:

• a sealed court order;
• a judgment or transcript;
• professional or third-party evidence;
• contemporaneous correspondence;
• your own factual evidence;
• something the other party allegedly said;
• an inference; and
• an allegation which still requires corroboration.

Good evidence drafting makes those distinctions visible.

13. Evidence volume: more is not necessarily better

Litigants in person often feel safer sending everything.

I understand why.

If you have experienced years of disputed facts, incomplete disclosure or procedural confusion, leaving a document out can feel dangerous.

But a 200-page file is not automatically stronger than a 30-page one.

Ask of every exhibit:

• What proposition does this prove?
• Is that proposition relevant to the order I seek?
• Is there a better primary document proving it?
• Is the document already before the court?
• Can I identify the relevant page quickly?

My wider guide to Family Court evidence and chronologies explains in more detail how to distinguish an evidence archive, evidence schedule, chronology, witness statement and hearing bundle.

Precision is advocacy. Volume is not.

14. The email filing trap: the 50-page and 25MB rules

This is one of the most important technical points in this article.

HMCTS’s current family proceedings email guidance states that, for documents other than a new originating application, the material must not exceed 50 printed pages.

The total size of the email, including its attachments, must not exceed 25MB.

It also states that a party must not send more than one email to take a single step in the proceedings requiring documents to be filed.

Practice Direction 5B is equally important. For a person filing by email, the application and accompanying material must comply with its requirements. Where a fee is payable, the payment arrangements must also be dealt with.

If the case is being managed through MyHMCTS or another digital case-management process and you have been directed to use that system, follow the applicable digital filing requirements rather than assuming the general email route applies.

15. One email does not mean one giant PDF

HMCTS’s email guidance states that documents should be sent as separate attachments within the single email.

Give them useful filenames.

Avoid filenames such as:

Court staff and judges are handling large numbers of documents.

Make your filing identifiable.

If your wider case file has become difficult to control, the JSH Law Family Court document checklist gives a practical system for separating court orders, applications, statements, evidence and working documents.

16. The email subject line matters

Practice Direction 5B requires the subject line of an email relating to existing proceedings to identify, so far as space allows:

• the case number;
• the parties’ names;
• the judge or other person before whom the case is listed, if known; and
• the date and time of any relevant hearing.

HMCTS guidance similarly stresses the importance of identifying existing proceedings correctly.

I would go one step further for practical clarity and identify the filing as a D11 and briefly state what it concerns.

Then make the opening of the email equally clear.

17. “Sent” is not the same as “issued”

This is the procedural point I would most want litigants in person to understand.

Practice Direction 5B provides that an application emailed to the court is lodged on the date and at the time recorded by HMCTS email software provided that:

• the email was sent in accordance with the Practice Direction; and
• the application is subsequently issued by the court.

Practice Direction 5B also provides that a court officer must refuse an application or document sent by email where it does not comply with the relevant requirements, or where a fee is payable and the required payment arrangements have not been successfully completed.

Preserve the email. But keep looking for the next stages of the administrative trail.

18. Court fees: deal with them at the filing stage

The correct fee depends on the application being made.

As at 25 September 2026, the general Family Court fee where no other fee is specified is:

Other applications have specific fees, so always check the current EX50 Family Court Fees guidance rather than assuming the general fee applies.

HMCTS currently defines an on-notice application as one where the other party has been notified, whether or not there is a hearing.

A without-notice application is one where the other party has not been notified, again regardless of whether an oral hearing takes place.

If you cannot afford the court fee, check whether you qualify for Help with Fees.

Keep the Help with Fees reference and proof of the application with your filing record.

19. Service: filing is only one half of the process

FPR Part 18 provides that, subject to applicable exceptions, the application notice must be served on each respondent.

Under rule 18.8, a copy of the application notice must ordinarily be served as soon as practicable after filing and, in most cases, at least seven days before the court is to deal with the application.

The applicant must also file the written evidence relied upon unless it has already been filed.

If a court officer serves the application, the material served includes the supporting witness statement and draft order.

Do not assume that putting the other party’s contact details on the D11 automatically means everything necessary has been served.

Establish:

• who is responsible for service;
• what documents must be served;
• which address for service should be used;
• when service must take place;
• whether service by email is valid; and
• whether evidence of service needs to be retained or filed.

Under Practice Direction 6A, service by email generally requires the recipient or their solicitor to have previously indicated in writing that they are willing to accept service by email and identified the appropriate email address.

20. Confidential addresses and Form C8

The current D11 contains specific wording directing users to the confidential details procedure.

If your address or contact information must not be revealed to another party, do not casually place it in:

• the D11;
• a witness statement;
• an exhibit cover sheet;
• a medical letter;
• a screenshot;
• a bank statement;
• email correspondence; or
• another document which will be served.

Use Form C8 where appropriate and check supporting documents for accidental disclosure before sending them.

In cases involving domestic abuse, stalking, harassment or other safeguarding concerns, this is not an administrative nicety. It may be a safety issue.

21. Create a filing audit trail

Every litigant in person making a significant court application should create one.

Make a dedicated folder with a clear name, for example:

Keep within it:

A stamped copy can become critical if there is later uncertainty about whether the application was received or issued.

22. The problem of two—or more—D11 applications

This is where cases can become genuinely confusing.

Imagine this:

One party files a D11 seeking directions for the sale of a property.

The other files a separate D11 seeking financial disclosure.

Months later, a court order refers simply to:

“The Applicant’s D11.”

Which one?

Never guess.

Build an application schedule.

Illustrative example only: the dates, parties and applications in this table are fictional and are included solely to demonstrate a useful application-tracking format.

Add the court fee reference, hearing date and resulting order if useful.

This can expose a problem very quickly.

23. What if the judge says your D11 is not in the papers?

This can be deeply unsettling, particularly where the application concerns something financially or personally important.

Try not to jump immediately from:

“The judge cannot see it”

to:

“The court deliberately ignored or lost it.”

First establish what happened.

Possibilities include:

• the email was transmitted but did not comply with the filing rules;
• the fee was not dealt with successfully;
• the D11 was received but not issued;
• the D11 was issued but was not linked to the hearing;
• the application remains pending separately;
• the hearing concerns another party’s D11;
• the application is on the electronic court file but not in the hearing bundle;
• the D11 is present but the supporting evidence is not; or
• there has been an administrative error which now needs correcting.

If you have brought your filing audit trail with you, the problem becomes much easier to explain.

That helps the judge identify the procedural problem.

It is generally more effective than beginning with an accusation against the judge, court staff or the other party where the underlying administrative facts have not yet been established.

24. If the position remains unclear after the hearing

Write to the court promptly and neutrally.

Identify:

• the case number;
• the parties;
• the date of the D11;
• who filed it;
• the precise relief sought;
• when and how it was sent;
• the fee or Help with Fees position;
• any acknowledgement or stamped copy previously received;
• the hearing at which the issue arose; and
• what information you need from the court.

Useful questions include:

Those are focused procedural questions.

They are much more likely to produce useful information than:

“Why has nobody listened to me?”

The frustration may be completely understandable. But the correspondence still needs to help somebody find the answer.

25. Dyslexia, disability, trauma and other vulnerabilities

Court procedure is difficult even when somebody is calm, legally represented and comfortable processing large quantities of written information.

It can become considerably harder for a litigant dealing with dyslexia, illness, cognitive or communication difficulties, trauma, domestic abuse or another condition affecting their participation.

The answer is not to pretend those difficulties do not affect the process.

Nor is it to assume procedural requirements automatically disappear.

The better approach is to identify the functional difficulty early and ask the court for an appropriate participation direction or adjustment.

FPR Part 3A and Practice Direction 3AA govern vulnerability and participation in family proceedings.

The court has duties to consider whether vulnerability is likely to diminish a party’s participation or the quality of a party or witness’s evidence and, where appropriate, whether participation directions are required.

A request is more useful when it identifies the practical effect.

The second formulation tells the court what the difficulty is and what may help.

Where domestic abuse is raised, Part 3A contains additional provisions concerning vulnerability and participation directions.

26. The complete D11 pre-filing checklist

Before you send the application, work through this list.

27. If there is already confusion, reconstruct before you accuse

If you are reading this article because something has already gone wrong, the first task is usually reconstruction.

Put the emotion temporarily to one side and build the chronology.

The following is a fictional example showing how a litigant might reconstruct an unclear filing history:

Illustrative example only: these dates, events and documents are fictional. They do not describe an individual JSH Law client or case.

Then identify the missing evidence.

It may be:

• the actual D11;
• a stamped copy;
• proof of payment;
• a Help with Fees decision;
• an acknowledgement;
• service evidence;
• the other party’s separate D11;
• the hearing order; or
• a transcript or approved note explaining what the judge actually decided.

A clear chronology tied to the underlying evidence can make this kind of procedural problem far easier to analyse.

Do not fill evidential gaps with certainty.

If you do not yet know whether the court failed to process the D11, say so.

There is a significant difference between:

The second version is stronger because every part of it can be checked.

28. What litigants in person should take from this

Family litigation generates enormous quantities of paper.

The people involved are often under intense pressure.

Some are managing domestic abuse, disability, children, housing problems, financial insecurity and proceedings which have already lasted years.

In that environment, “I sent it” can understandably feel like the end of the task.

It is not.

For an important application, you should be able to demonstrate the procedural chain:

That is not bureaucracy for bureaucracy’s sake.

It is how you stop an important issue becoming lost inside the administration of a complicated case.

29. Make the court’s job easier

A strong application is not necessarily the longest application.

It is the application from which the judge can understand, quickly:

• what the issue is;
• what order is sought;
• what procedural basis permits it;
• what evidence establishes it;
• where that evidence can be found; and
• what the resulting order should say.

For litigants in person, document management is not simply clerical housekeeping.

It is part of advocacy.

Do not just prove your case. Prove the procedural route by which your case reached the judge.